The letters `rwxXstugo’ select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directo-
ries) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on
execution (s), sticky bit (t), the permissions that the user who owns the file currently has for it (u), the permissions that
other users in the file’s group have for it (g), and the permissions that other users not in the file’s group have for it (o).
(Thus, `chmod g-s file’ removes the set-group-ID (sgid) bit, `chmod ug+s file’ sets both the suid and sgid bits, while `chmod
o+s file’ does nothing.)
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